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Minggu, 05 Juni 2011
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Sabtu, 28 Mei 2011
Roots Tread Dara
Systematics
Other Names: Roots Tread Dara
Plant Name Origin: Catharanthus roseus (L), Vinca rosea (L), Lochnera rosea
Family: Apocynaceae
Substance Efficacious: alkaloids: ajmalicine, serpentina, tetrahidroalstonin, vindesin, vincristine, vinblastine
Usage: Emenagoga, diabetes drugs, cancer drugs
Pemerian: No smell, taste bitter
Storage: In a well sealed containerThis plant originated from Central America, commonly planted as an ornamental plant. Vinca can grow in the open or protected in a variety of climates, are found from lowland until height of 800 m above sea level.
Herb or shrub, chronic, grow upright, reaches 120 cm tall, much branched. Stem round, the base of woody, smooth-haired, red color tengguli. Leaves single, rather thick, short-stemmed, dealing crossed. Leaf blade elliptic, tip runcng, base tapered, flat edge, pertulangan pinnate, both leaf surfaces shiny and smooth hair. Inflorescence compound, out of the end of the shaft and axillary panicles with 5 pieces of crown trumpet-shaped flowers, the color is white, pink or white with red spots in the middle. Tube fruit fruit hairy, hanging, contains many black seeds. Propagation by seed, stem or root cuttings.
Nature and BenefitsHerba slightly bitter taste, cool, somewhat poisonous (toxic), enter the liver meridian, peluruh urine (diuretic), lowers blood pressure (hypotensive), tranquilizers (sedatives), cool blood, stop bleeding (hemostatis), as well as eliminating heat and toxins. While the roots of vinca peluruh efficacious as menstruation.
Chemical IngredientsHerbs contain more than 70 kinds of alkaloids, including 28 biindole alkaloids. Anticancer components, namely as vincaleukoblastine alkaloids (vinblastine = VLB), leurosidin and catharanthine, Alkalod an efficacious hypoglycemic (lowering blood sugar levels), among others leurosin, catharanthine, lochneri, tetrahidroalstonin, vindolin and vindolinin. While the roots containing vinca alkaloids, saponins, and tannins flafonoid.
Used PartsHerbs and roots. Use fresh or dried
IndicationHerba efficacious address:
* High blood pressure (hypertension)
* Diabetes (diabetes mellitus)
* Diabetes bit (oliguria)
* Hepatitis
* Bleeding due to decrease in the number of platelets (primary thrombocytopenic purpua)
* Malaria
* It is hard bowel movement (constipation)
* Cancer: Hodgkin's disease, "s, chorionic epithelioma, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute leukemia monostik, limfosarkoma an retikum cell sarcomas.
Roots efficacious address:
* Menstrual irregularities
How to UseHerba 6 - 15g boiled in 5 cups of water until the remaining 2 cups low heat. Once cool, filtered and drunk several times to run out within a day. For external use, fresh leaves added to taste and finely ground rice till mushy. Smeared on a scalded wound.
Stock FarmakologisActive compounds vinblastine and vincristine potent anticancer in leukemia, Ehrlich ascitic carsinoma liver and Walker carcinoma. Also to stop cell division (myth) of cancer at the metaphase and inhibits purine synthesis, DNA and RNA. Vimblastin especially for diseases hodgki "s and chorioepithelioma, is also effective in breast cancer, ovary (ovarian), testes and nephroblastoma. Vincristine is more effective in acute lymphocytic leukemia granulostik and, especially in acute lymphocytic leukemia and mielositik in children. Both cause mild suppression of bone marrow (the cause of decline in the number of white blood cells and platelets).
Giving stew vinca leaves (white flower) 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% with a dose of 5 ml / kg bw in rabbits can reduce their blood sugar levels nasing of 46.61%, 49.25%, 51, 62% and 58.66% compared with tolbutamide (Norma, Department of Pharmaceutical Science Faculty of Hasanuddin University, 1985)
Giving stew vinca leaves (red flowers) per oral on male white mice, hypoglycemic effect of decoction obtained yield of 15% at minute 210, 240 and 270. Stew yield 30%, hypoglycemic effects at minute 240 and 270. Relative potency leaf stew red flowering vinca that approximately half of the potential of tolbutamide relative to water. The effect is very weak when compared with tolbutamide (Suyanto, FK UGM 1992)
Example UsageHigh blood pressure, diabetes, acute lymphocytic leukemia. (Br) of fresh leaves of vinca 15g boiled in 5 cups of water until the remaining 2 cups. After chilling filtered, the result is taken twice as much in the morning and afternoon.
Side EffectsVinblastine effect of the decrease of white blood cell count (leukopenia), which returned to normal after 1-2 weeks of the drug is stopped, no appetite, nausea, vomiting, difficult bowel movements and neurokogis disorders such as insomnia, headaches, mental depression, abnormal and Sensai loss of reflexes in
Side effects of vincristine appears on the nervous system with symptoms of abnormal sensation, numbness in the limbs, pain, weakness, loss of reflexes in, impaired movement, paralysis of the eyelids (ptosis), vision (diplopia), husky and balding (alopecia). Constraints on the system also occur making blood cells, hemoglobin and platelets (platelet). decreased white blood cells 1-2 weeks after taking the drug.
Notes
* Outside the country has made herb vinca namely injecting drug vincristine and vinblastine ijeksi
* Pregnant women are prohibited from using these herbs
Other Names: Roots Tread Dara
Plant Name Origin: Catharanthus roseus (L), Vinca rosea (L), Lochnera rosea
Family: Apocynaceae
Substance Efficacious: alkaloids: ajmalicine, serpentina, tetrahidroalstonin, vindesin, vincristine, vinblastine
Usage: Emenagoga, diabetes drugs, cancer drugs
Pemerian: No smell, taste bitter
Storage: In a well sealed containerThis plant originated from Central America, commonly planted as an ornamental plant. Vinca can grow in the open or protected in a variety of climates, are found from lowland until height of 800 m above sea level.
Herb or shrub, chronic, grow upright, reaches 120 cm tall, much branched. Stem round, the base of woody, smooth-haired, red color tengguli. Leaves single, rather thick, short-stemmed, dealing crossed. Leaf blade elliptic, tip runcng, base tapered, flat edge, pertulangan pinnate, both leaf surfaces shiny and smooth hair. Inflorescence compound, out of the end of the shaft and axillary panicles with 5 pieces of crown trumpet-shaped flowers, the color is white, pink or white with red spots in the middle. Tube fruit fruit hairy, hanging, contains many black seeds. Propagation by seed, stem or root cuttings.
Nature and BenefitsHerba slightly bitter taste, cool, somewhat poisonous (toxic), enter the liver meridian, peluruh urine (diuretic), lowers blood pressure (hypotensive), tranquilizers (sedatives), cool blood, stop bleeding (hemostatis), as well as eliminating heat and toxins. While the roots of vinca peluruh efficacious as menstruation.
Chemical IngredientsHerbs contain more than 70 kinds of alkaloids, including 28 biindole alkaloids. Anticancer components, namely as vincaleukoblastine alkaloids (vinblastine = VLB), leurosidin and catharanthine, Alkalod an efficacious hypoglycemic (lowering blood sugar levels), among others leurosin, catharanthine, lochneri, tetrahidroalstonin, vindolin and vindolinin. While the roots containing vinca alkaloids, saponins, and tannins flafonoid.
Used PartsHerbs and roots. Use fresh or dried
IndicationHerba efficacious address:
* High blood pressure (hypertension)
* Diabetes (diabetes mellitus)
* Diabetes bit (oliguria)
* Hepatitis
* Bleeding due to decrease in the number of platelets (primary thrombocytopenic purpua)
* Malaria
* It is hard bowel movement (constipation)
* Cancer: Hodgkin's disease, "s, chorionic epithelioma, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute leukemia monostik, limfosarkoma an retikum cell sarcomas.
Roots efficacious address:
* Menstrual irregularities
How to UseHerba 6 - 15g boiled in 5 cups of water until the remaining 2 cups low heat. Once cool, filtered and drunk several times to run out within a day. For external use, fresh leaves added to taste and finely ground rice till mushy. Smeared on a scalded wound.
Stock FarmakologisActive compounds vinblastine and vincristine potent anticancer in leukemia, Ehrlich ascitic carsinoma liver and Walker carcinoma. Also to stop cell division (myth) of cancer at the metaphase and inhibits purine synthesis, DNA and RNA. Vimblastin especially for diseases hodgki "s and chorioepithelioma, is also effective in breast cancer, ovary (ovarian), testes and nephroblastoma. Vincristine is more effective in acute lymphocytic leukemia granulostik and, especially in acute lymphocytic leukemia and mielositik in children. Both cause mild suppression of bone marrow (the cause of decline in the number of white blood cells and platelets).
Giving stew vinca leaves (white flower) 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% with a dose of 5 ml / kg bw in rabbits can reduce their blood sugar levels nasing of 46.61%, 49.25%, 51, 62% and 58.66% compared with tolbutamide (Norma, Department of Pharmaceutical Science Faculty of Hasanuddin University, 1985)
Giving stew vinca leaves (red flowers) per oral on male white mice, hypoglycemic effect of decoction obtained yield of 15% at minute 210, 240 and 270. Stew yield 30%, hypoglycemic effects at minute 240 and 270. Relative potency leaf stew red flowering vinca that approximately half of the potential of tolbutamide relative to water. The effect is very weak when compared with tolbutamide (Suyanto, FK UGM 1992)
Example UsageHigh blood pressure, diabetes, acute lymphocytic leukemia. (Br) of fresh leaves of vinca 15g boiled in 5 cups of water until the remaining 2 cups. After chilling filtered, the result is taken twice as much in the morning and afternoon.
Side EffectsVinblastine effect of the decrease of white blood cell count (leukopenia), which returned to normal after 1-2 weeks of the drug is stopped, no appetite, nausea, vomiting, difficult bowel movements and neurokogis disorders such as insomnia, headaches, mental depression, abnormal and Sensai loss of reflexes in
Side effects of vincristine appears on the nervous system with symptoms of abnormal sensation, numbness in the limbs, pain, weakness, loss of reflexes in, impaired movement, paralysis of the eyelids (ptosis), vision (diplopia), husky and balding (alopecia). Constraints on the system also occur making blood cells, hemoglobin and platelets (platelet). decreased white blood cells 1-2 weeks after taking the drug.
Notes
* Outside the country has made herb vinca namely injecting drug vincristine and vinblastine ijeksi
* Pregnant women are prohibited from using these herbs
Akar Tapak Dara
SISTEMATIKA
Nama Lain : Akar Tapak Dara
Nama Tanaman Asal : Catharanthus roseus (L) , Vinca rosea (L) , Lochnera rosea
Keluarga : Apocynaceae
Zat Berkhasiat : Alkaloida : ajmalisin , serpentina , tetrahidroalstonin , vindesin , vinkristin , vinblastin
Penggunaan : Emenagoga , obat diabetes , obat kanker
Pemerian : Tidak berbau , rasa pahit
Penyimpanan : Dalam wadah tertutup baik
Tumbuhan ini berasal dari Amerika Tengah, umumnya ditanam sebagai tanaman hias. Tapak dara bisa tumbuh di tempat terbuka atau terlindung pada bermacam-macam iklim, ditemukan dari dataran rendah sampai ketinggian 800 m dpl.
Terna atau semak, menahun, tumbuh tegak, tinggi mencapai 120 cm, banyak bercabang. Batang bulat, bagian pangkal berkayu, berambut halus, warnanya merah tengguli. Daun tunggal, agak tebal, bertangkai pendek, berhadapan bersilang. Helai daun elips, ujung runcng, pangkal meruncing, tepi rata, pertulangan menyirip, kedua permukaan daun mengkilap dan berambut halus. Perbungaan majemuk, keluar dari ujung tangkai dan ketiak daun dengan 5 helai mahkota bunga berbentuk terompet, warnanya ada yang putih, merah muda atau putih dengan bercak merah di tengahnya. Buahnya buah bumbung berbulu, menggantung, berisi banyak biji berwarna hitam. Perbanyakan dengan biji, setek batang atau akar.
Sifat dan Khasiat
Herba sedikit pahit rasanya, sejuk, agak beracun (toksik), masuk meridian hati, peluruh kencing (diuretik), menurunkan tekanan darah (hipotensif), penenang (sedatif), menyejukkan darah, penghenti perdarahan (hemostatis), serta menhilangkan panas dan racun. Sedangkan akar tapak dara berkhasiat sebagai peluruh haid.
Kandungan Kimia
Herba mengandung lebih dari 70 macam alkaloid, termasuk 28 biindole alkaloid. Komponen antikanker, yaitu alkaloid seperti vincaleukoblastine (vinblastin = VLB), leurosidin dan katarantin, Alkalod yang berkhasiat hipoglikemik (menurunkan kadar gula darah) antara lain leurosin, katarantin, lochneri, tetrahidroalstonin, vindolin dan vindolinin. Sedangkan akar tapak dara mengandung alkaloid, saponin, flafonoid dan tanin.
Bagian yang Digunakan
Herba dan akar. Pemakaian segar atau yang telah dikeringkan
Indikasi
Herba berkhasiat mengatasi:
- Tekanan darah Tinggi (hipertensi)
- Kencing Manis (diabetes mellitus)
- Kencing sedikit (oliguria)
- Hepatitis
- Perdarahan akibat turunnya jumlah trombosit (primary thrombocytopenic purpua)
- MAlaria
- Sukar buang air besar (sembelit)
- Kanker: penyakit Hodgkin"s, chorionic epithelioma, leukimia limfositik akut, leukimia monostik akut, limfosarkoma an retikum sel sarkoma.
Akar berkhasiat mengatasi:
- haid yang tidak teratur
Cara Pemakaian
Herba 6 - 15g direbus dalam 5 gelas air hingga tersisa 2 gelas dengan api kecil. Setelah dingin, disaring lalu diminum beberapa kali hingga habis dalam sehari. Untuk pemakaian luar, daun segar ditambah beras secukupnya lalu ditumbuk halus sampai seperti bubur. Balurkan pada luka yang tersiram air panas.
Efek Farmakologis
Senyawa aktif vinblastin dan vinkristin berkhasiat antikanker pada leukemia, ehrlich ascitic liver carsinoma dan walker carcinoma. Juga menghentikan pembelahan sel (mitos) kanker pada tingkat metafase dan menghambat sintetis purin, DNA dan RNA. Vimblastin terutama untuk penyakit hodgki"s dan chorioepithelioma, juga efektif pada kanker payudara, indung telur (ovarium), testis dan nephroblastoma. Vinkristin lebih efektif pada leukemia granulostik dan limfositik akut, terutama pada leukemia limfositik dan mielositik akut pada anak-anak. Keduanya menyebabkan penekanan ringan pada sumsum tulang (penyebab turunnya jumlah sel darah putih dan trombosit).
Pemberian rebusan daun tapak dara (bunga putih) 10%, 20%, 30% dan 40% dengan dosis 5 ml/kg bb pada kelinci dapat menurunkan kadar gula darah masing-nasing sebesar 46,61%, 49,25%, 51,62% dan 58,66% dibandingkan dengan tolbutamid (Norma, Jurusan Farmasi FMIPA UNHAS, 1985)
Pemberian rebusan daun tapak dara (bunga merah) per oral pada tikus putih jantan, efek hipoglikemik didapat dari rebusan berkadar 15% pada menit ke 210, 240 dan 270. Rebusan berkadar 30%, efek hipoglikemik pada menit ke 240 dan 270. Potensi relatif rebusan daun tapak dara yang berbunga merah kurang lebih 1/2 dari potensi relatif tolbutamid terhadap air. Efek tersebut sangat lemah bila dibandingkan dengan tolbutamid (Suyanto, FK UGM 1992)
Contoh Pemakaian
Darah tinggi, kencing manis, leukemia limfositik akut.(br) Daun tapak dara segar sebanyak 15g direbus dalam 5 gelas air sampai tersisa 2 gelas. Setelah dingin disaring, hasilnya diminum dua kali sama banyak pagi dan sore.
Efek Samping
Efek vinblastin berupa turunnya jumlah sel darah putih (leukopenia) yang kembali normal setelah 1 - 2 minggu obat dihentikan, tidak nafsu makan, mual, muntah, sulit buang air besar dan gangguan neurokogis seperti susah tidur, sakit kepala, depresi mental, sensai abnormal dan kehilangan refleks dalam
Efek samping vinkristin muncul pada sistem saraf dengan gejala sensasi abnormal, kebas pada tungkai, rasa sakit, lemah, kehilangan refleks dalam, gangguan pergerakan, kelumpuhan kelopak mata (ptosis), penglihatan (diplopia), serak dan botak (alopesia). Juga terjadi hambatan pada sistem pembuatan sel darah, hemoglobin dan trombosit (platelet). sel darah putih menurun 1 - 2 minggu setelah pemakaian obat.
Catatan
Herba 6 - 15g direbus dalam 5 gelas air hingga tersisa 2 gelas dengan api kecil. Setelah dingin, disaring lalu diminum beberapa kali hingga habis dalam sehari. Untuk pemakaian luar, daun segar ditambah beras secukupnya lalu ditumbuk halus sampai seperti bubur. Balurkan pada luka yang tersiram air panas.
Efek Farmakologis
Senyawa aktif vinblastin dan vinkristin berkhasiat antikanker pada leukemia, ehrlich ascitic liver carsinoma dan walker carcinoma. Juga menghentikan pembelahan sel (mitos) kanker pada tingkat metafase dan menghambat sintetis purin, DNA dan RNA. Vimblastin terutama untuk penyakit hodgki"s dan chorioepithelioma, juga efektif pada kanker payudara, indung telur (ovarium), testis dan nephroblastoma. Vinkristin lebih efektif pada leukemia granulostik dan limfositik akut, terutama pada leukemia limfositik dan mielositik akut pada anak-anak. Keduanya menyebabkan penekanan ringan pada sumsum tulang (penyebab turunnya jumlah sel darah putih dan trombosit).
Pemberian rebusan daun tapak dara (bunga putih) 10%, 20%, 30% dan 40% dengan dosis 5 ml/kg bb pada kelinci dapat menurunkan kadar gula darah masing-nasing sebesar 46,61%, 49,25%, 51,62% dan 58,66% dibandingkan dengan tolbutamid (Norma, Jurusan Farmasi FMIPA UNHAS, 1985)
Pemberian rebusan daun tapak dara (bunga merah) per oral pada tikus putih jantan, efek hipoglikemik didapat dari rebusan berkadar 15% pada menit ke 210, 240 dan 270. Rebusan berkadar 30%, efek hipoglikemik pada menit ke 240 dan 270. Potensi relatif rebusan daun tapak dara yang berbunga merah kurang lebih 1/2 dari potensi relatif tolbutamid terhadap air. Efek tersebut sangat lemah bila dibandingkan dengan tolbutamid (Suyanto, FK UGM 1992)
Contoh Pemakaian
Darah tinggi, kencing manis, leukemia limfositik akut.(br) Daun tapak dara segar sebanyak 15g direbus dalam 5 gelas air sampai tersisa 2 gelas. Setelah dingin disaring, hasilnya diminum dua kali sama banyak pagi dan sore.
Efek Samping
Efek vinblastin berupa turunnya jumlah sel darah putih (leukopenia) yang kembali normal setelah 1 - 2 minggu obat dihentikan, tidak nafsu makan, mual, muntah, sulit buang air besar dan gangguan neurokogis seperti susah tidur, sakit kepala, depresi mental, sensai abnormal dan kehilangan refleks dalam
Efek samping vinkristin muncul pada sistem saraf dengan gejala sensasi abnormal, kebas pada tungkai, rasa sakit, lemah, kehilangan refleks dalam, gangguan pergerakan, kelumpuhan kelopak mata (ptosis), penglihatan (diplopia), serak dan botak (alopesia). Juga terjadi hambatan pada sistem pembuatan sel darah, hemoglobin dan trombosit (platelet). sel darah putih menurun 1 - 2 minggu setelah pemakaian obat.
Catatan
- Diluar negeri herba tapak dara sudah dibuat obat suntik yaitu vincristine dan vinblastine ijeksi
- Perempuan hamil dilarang menggunakan tumbuhan obat ini
PENJELASAN
Selasa, 24 Mei 2011
Mount Rushmore National Memorial
Dazu Rocks Carving
Dazu Rock Carvings
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to 13th centuries.
These Dazu carvings are considered to be the best representatives of the latest phase of rock art in China. They clearly demonstrate the ingenuity and craftsmanship of their artists with respect to carving techniques and subject matter. In that way, they differ from the other, earlier, Chinese rock art world heritage sites Yungang, Longmen and Mogao.
The designated area consists of five separate sites of cliffside carvings: Beishan, Baodingshan, Nanshan, Shizhuanshan and Shimenshan. Baodingshan is the most prominent site of these. It was here that between 1174 and 1252 the Buddhist monk Zhao Zhifeng ordered the start of work on the elaborate carvings along a 500-meter U-shaped section of Mount Baoding. They show the implementation of Buddhist ideas in daily life as represented by Tantric Buddhism.
earthquake lights
Earthquake Lights
Earthquake lights are most common and at their brightest during the earthquake itself but they have been spotted before and after an earthquake has occured. There is no set color to the lights, they are said to usually be white or blue but have also been seen in other color variations.
Earthquake lights are believed to have been first reported around 400 B.C. in Greek records. Because of their rarity, earthquake lights were considered a myth until photographs were recorded of the earthquake lights during an earthquake in Japan in 1966. There have been even more reports in recent years as these lights are now more known about. There were many eyewitness and video reports of lights prior to and throughout the 2007 earthquake in Peru. Other reported videos and sightings occurred right before the May, 2008 earthquake in China.
There are many theories about the cause of these lights though none of them have been accepted by the scientific community. The most common scientific explanation given to explain these lights is that the earth releases gases during an earthquake, after these gases have been released, they are somehow electrified by the atmosphere and begin to glow. Others belive that the lights are caused by radiation; radon gas released from mineral that ionize the air. Many also believe that earthquake lights would explain people's accounts of UFO sightings.
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